Among Orangutans: Red Apes and the Rise of Human Culture

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OrangFACS: A Muscle-Based Facial Movement Coding System for Orangutans (Pongo spp.) (2012, background): “Orangutans live in sporadic, complex, and loose social communities organized around a dominant flanged male, encompassing different social units, e.g., female– offspring, female–male during copulation, that change during their ontogeny (MacKinnon 1974; Mitra Setia et al. 2009; van Schaik 2004).”
Personality assessment in the Great Apes: Comparing ecologically valid behavior measures, behavior ratings, and adjective ratings (2008, background): “They have learned to survive in swampy rain forests where food is scarce (van Schaik, 2004).”