Introduction to the Physics and Techniques of Remote Sensing

By C. Elachi, J. V. Zyl. 2006

818 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Preface. 1. Introduction. 1-1 Types and Classes of Remote Sensing Data. 1-2 Brief History of Remote Sensing. 1-3 Remote Sensing Space Platforms. 1-4 Transmission Through the Earth and Planetary Atmospheres. References and Further Reading. 2. Nature and Properties of Electromagnetic Waves. 2-1 Fundamental Properties of Electromagnetic Waves. 2-2 Nomenclature and Definition of Radiation Quantities. 2-3 Generation of Electromagnetic Radiation. 2-4 Detection of Electromagnetic Radiation. 2-5 Interaction of Electromagnetic Waves with Matter: Quick Overview. 2-6 Interaction Mechanisms Throughout the Electromagnetic Spectrum. Exercises. References and Further Reading. 3. Solid Surfaces Sensing in the Visible and Near Infrared. 3-1 Source Spectral Characteristics. 3-2 Wave-Surface Interaction Mechanisms. 3-3 Signature of Solid Surface Materials. 3-4 Passive Imaging Sensors. 3-5 Types of Imaging Systems. 3-6 Description of Some Visible/Infrared Imaging Sensors. 3-7 Active Sensors. 3-8 Surface Sensing at Very Short Wavelengths. 3-9 Image Data Analysis. Exercises. References and Further Reading. 4. Solid-Surface Sensing: Thermal Infrared. 4-1 Thermal Radiation Laws. 4-2 Heat Conduction Theory. 4-3 Effect of Periodic Heating. 4-4 Use of Thermal Emission in Surface Remote Sensing. 4-5 Use of Thermal Infrared Spectral Signatures in Sensing. 4-6 Thermal Infrared Sensors. Exercises. References and Further Reading. 5. Solid-Surface Sensing: Microwave Emission. 5-1 Power-Temperature Correspondence. 5-2 Simple Microwave Radiometry Models. 5-3 Applications and Use in Surface Sensing. 5-4 Description of Microwave Radiometers. 5-5 Examples of Developed Radiometers. Exercises. References and Further Reading. 6. Solid-Surface Sensing: Microwave and Radio Frequencies. 6-1 Surface Interaction Mechanism. 6-2 Basic Principles of Radar Sensors. 6-3 Imaging Sensors: Real-Aperture Radars. 6-4 Imaging Sensors: Synthetic-Aperture Radars. 6-5 Nonimaging Radar Sensors: Scatterometers. 6-6 Nonimaging Radar Sensors: Altimeters. 6-7 Nonconventional Radar Sensors. 6-8 Subsurface Sounding. Exercises. References and Further Readings. 7 Ocean Surface Sensing. 7-1 Physical Properties of the Ocean Surface. 7-2 Mapping of the Ocean Topography. 7-3 Surface Wind Mapping. 7-4 Ocean Surface Imaging . Exercises. References and Further Reading. 8. Basic Principles of Atmospheric Sensing and Radiative Transfer. 8-1 Physical Properties of the Atmosphere. 8-2 Atmospheric Composition. 8-3 Particulates and Clouds. 8-4 Wave Interaction Mechanisms in Planetary Atmospheres. 8-5 Optical Thickness. 8-6 Radiative Transfer Equation. 8-7 Case of a Nonscattering Plane Parallel Atmosphere. 8-8 Basic Concepts of Atmospheric Remote Sounding. Exercises. References and Further Reading. 9. Atmospheric Remote Sensing in the Microwave Region. 9-1 Microwave Interactions with Atmospheric Gases. 9-2 Basic Concept of Downlooking Sensors. 9-3 Basic Concept for Uplooking Sensors. 9-4 Basic Concept for Limblooking Sensors. 9-5 Inversion Concepts. 9-6 Basic Elements of Passive Microwave Sensors. 9-7 Surface Pressure Sensing. 9-8 Atmospheric Sounding by Occultation. 9-9 Microwave Scattering by Atmospheric Particles. 9-10 Radar Sounding of Rain. 9-11 Radar Equation for Precipitation Measurement. 9-12 The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM). Exercises. References and Further Reading. 10. Millimeter and Submillimeter Sensing of Atmospheres. 10-1 Interaction with Atmospheric Constituents. 10-2 Downlooking Sounding. 10-3 Limb Sounding. 10-4 Elements of a Millimeter Sounder. Exercises. References and Further Reading. 11. Atmospheric Remote Sensing in the Visible and Infrared. 11-1 Interaction of Visible and Infrared Radiation with the Atmosphere. 11-2 Downlooking Sounding. 11-3 Limb Sounding. 11-4 Sounding of Atmospheric Motion. 11-5 Atmospheric Sensing at Very Short Wavelengths. Exercises. References and Further Reading. 12. Ionospheric Sensing. 12-1 Properties of Planetary Ionospheres. 12-2 Wave Propagation in Ionized Media. 12-3 Ionospheric Profile Sensing by Topside Sounding. 12-4 Ionospheric Profile by Radio Occultation. Exercises. References and Further Reading. Appendix A. Use of Multiple Sensors For Surface Observations. Appendix B. Summary of Orbital Mechanics Relevant to Remote Sensing. B-1 Circular Orbits. B-1-1 General Characteristics. B-1-2 Geosynchronous Orbits. B-1-3 Sun-Synchronous Orbits. B-1-4 Coverage. B-2 Elliptical Orbits. B-3 Orbit Selection. Exercises. Appendix C. Simplified Weighting Functions. C-1 Case of Downlooking Sensors (Exponential Atmosphere). C-2 Case of Downlooking Sensors (Linear Atmosphere). C-3 Case of Upward Looking Sensors. Appendix D. Compression of a Linear FM Chirp Signal. Index.

Subfields: Atmospheric Science

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Citations in the corpus

Remote sensing methods for power line corridor surveys (2016, background): “The Stefan– Boltzmann law states that the total energy emitted by the object is a product of the Stefan–Boltzmann constant, and the absolute temperature in power of 4 (Elachi, 1987).”
Image fusion techniques for remote sensing applications (2002, background): “The spectral context improves the separation between various ground cover classes compared to a single-band image [1].”
Smoothing Filter-based Intensity Modulation: A spectral preserve image fusion technique for improving spatial details (2000, background): “Thus, from Elachi (1987), we have DN(l) 5 r(l)E(l) (1) Let DN (l)low represent a DN value in a lower resolution image of spectral band l and DN(c)high the DN value of the corresponding pixel in a higher resolution image of spectral band c, and the two images are taken in similar solar illumination…”
A Tutorial on Speckle Reduction in Synthetic Aperture Radar Images (2013, methodology): “A first approach to modeling the received signal is solving the Maxwell’s equations according to the propagation geometry and scattering medium [24], [25].”
Obstacle Detection and Terrain Classification for Autonomous Off-Road Navigation (2005, background): “In particular, its reflectance has a characteristic feature at approximately 750 nm (beyond the visible spectrum), sometimes called the " red edge " (Elachi, 1987).”
Radar: The Cassini Titan Radar Mapper (2004, background): “For more detailed information on the principles of SAR imaging and interpretation, see, e.g. Elachi (1987, 1988) and Johnson (1991).”
Shape model and surface properties of the OSIRIS-REx target Asteroid (101955) Bennu from radar and lightcurve observations (2013, background): “The 1999 data were also dominated by “self-noise” or “fading”, where the thermal noise is chi-squared distributed (that, is, much “spikier” than a Gaussian noise distribution) and an additional Rayleigh-distributed noise source is present due to the signal itself, which is proportional to the signal”
Detection and Processing of bistatically reflected GPS signals from low Earth orbit for the purpose of ocean remote sensing (2005, methodology): “Signal found in the May 24 dataset, for GPS satellite PRN 29, using noncoherent integration times of (a) 1 ms, (b) 10 ms, (c) 200 ms, and (d) 1 s. averaging process as the summation of consecutive correlations , such that (3) (4) It is then useful to look for a positive difference between the two (5”
Leaf level detection of solar induced chlorophyll fluorescence by means of a subnanometer resolution spectroradiometer (2006, background): “In such dark lines, fluorescence can be detected by measuring to what extent the “wells” are filled by fluorescence relative to the continuum (Elachi, 1987).”