Aerodynamic forces of revolving hummingbird wings and wing models

By D. L. Altshuler, R. Dudley, C. Ellington. 2004

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Unsteady force generation and vortex dynamics of pitching and plunging aerofoils (2012, unknown): “18 numerous studies performed on insect wing models [36,37,80-84], that have shown that the effects of airfoil shapes and aspect ratio have a small impact on the force generation.”
On the numerical oscillation of the direct-forcing immersed-boundary method for moving boundaries (2012, background): “Note that the Reynolds number of the real hummingbird may be above 5000 [37].”
The biophysics of bird flight: functional relationships integrate aerodynamics, morphology, kinematics, muscles and sensors (2015, methodology): “For birds flying near sea level, / ≈ 68 000 and Re ranges between about 5 000 and 15 000 for hummingbirds (Altshuler et al. 2004; Kruyt et al. 2014) to about a million for diving falcons (Swartz et al.”
Recent progress in flapping wing aerodynamics and aeroelasticity (2010, background): “[190] tested experimentally the effect of wing shape (i.”