Distinguishing between the effects of ocean acidification and ocean carbonation in the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi

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Environmental controls on coccolithophore calcification (2012, methodology): “Bach et al. (2011) examined E. huxleyi grown either at constant alkalinity with CO2 fugacity ranging from 2 to 600 Pa at sea level (20 to 6000 ppm), or at a constant pH (pH 8) with CO2 fugacity of 4 to 370 Pa (40 to 3700 ppm).”
The biological pump in a high CO 2 world (2012, background): “Ocean acidification makes calcification more difficult, but increased pCO2 appears to facilitate primary production for this group with variable outcome for the growth success of the species (Zondervan 2007, Iglesias-Rodriguez et al. 2008, Bach et al. 2011).”
Reviews and Syntheses: Responses of coccolithophores to ocean acidification: a meta-analysis (2015, background): “Five experiments showed decreasing photosynthesis rates (Bach et al., 2011; Langer et al., 2009; Sciandra et al., 2003; Shi et al., 2009), whereas in three experiments an optimum curve was obtained (Gao et al., 2009; Langer et al., 2009).”