Residual stress-induced warping in direct metal solid freeform fabrication

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Effect of stress relaxation on distortion in additive manufacturing process modeling (2016, unknown): “distortion and residual stress, [8–12], and developing distortion mitigation techniques [13, 14].”
Additive manufacturing of Ni-based superalloys: The outstanding issues (2016, unknown): “When the residual stress overcomes the yield strength of the material, it causes distortion and, as such, a large amount of effort has been invested in the control and reduction of residual stresses (17-19).”
Fatigue properties of a titanium alloy (Ti–6Al–4V) fabricated via electron beam melting (EBM): Effects of internal defects and residual stress (2017, methodology): “This has been predicted by theoretical modeling of additive manufacturing processes [6, 7] as well as experimentally verified in laser-based additively manufactured material [6].”
Measurement Science Needs for Real-time Control of Additive Manufacturing Powder Bed Fusion Processes (2015, unknown): “stresses [66]–[68].”