The disadvantaged incumbents: estimating incumbency effects in Indian state legislatures

By Y. Uppal. 2005

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Do Electoral Quotas Work after They Are Withdrawn? Evidence from a Natural Experiment in India (2009, unknown): “Linden (2004) and Uppal (2005), in contrast, argue that the disadvantage that incumbents face in India stems from intense political competition, which makes investing in incumbency advantage unprofitable for incumbents because election results are not predictable.”
The Incumbency Curse: Weak Parties, Term Limits, and Unfulfilled Accountability (2017, result): “Finally, our findings complement recent evidence that access to office results in subsequent electoral losses from a number of other developing democracies, such as India (Linden 2004; Uppal 2009; Fisman et al. 2012), many democracies in Central and Eastern Europe (Klašnja 2014; Roberts 2008) and Su”
On the Validity of the Regression Discontinuity Design for Estimating Electoral Effects: New Evidence from over 40,000 Close Races (2014, unknown): “22 See Rubin (1973, 1979, 2009), Schochet (2010), and Miratrix, Sekhon, and Yu (2013) for discussions of when and how valid inferences can be drawn from imbalanced experimental data.”
Electoral cycles in electricity losses in India (2014, background): “9 Previous research has documented a significant incumbency disadvantage for Indian state legislators (Uppal, 2009).”