Relating performance of thin-film composite forward osmosis membranes to support layer formation and

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Direct microscopic observation of membrane formation by nonsolvent induced phase separation (2013, methodology): “have shown the formation of large finger-like voids in a 9 wt% PSf-91 wt% DMF film precipitated using DI water [40].”
A review on membrane fabrication: Structure, properties and performance relationship (2013, background): “relates the structure of PS support layer and performance of TFC membranes [134].”
Impact of support layer pore size on performance of thin film composite membranes for forward osmosis (2015, unknown): “This technique, though widely adopted in previous studies to quantify surface pore size and porosity of phase-inversion films [30,33], is challenging for our support membranes as there is no distinct surface interface.”
Recent developments in environmental photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants: the case of titanium dioxide nanoparticles—a review (2015, background): “Also, physical parameters like the temperature, the composition of the casting solution, the composition of the nonsolvent bath, and the surrounding atmosphere play a pivotal role in determining the synthetic pathway as well as the final membrane structure [322, 323].”
Graphene oxide incorporated polysulfone substrate for the fabrication of flat-sheet thin-film composite forward osmosis membranes (2015, background): “2) also positively affected the FO performance of TFC-FO membranes [22, 53, 54].”