Development, specificity and sublethal effects of symbiont‐conferred resistance to parasitoids in aphids

By M. Schmid, R. Sieber, Yannick-Serge Zimmermann, C. Vorburger. 2012

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Facultative endosymbionts mediate dietary breadth in a polyphagous herbivore (2015, background): “craccivora, receive partial to complete protection from hymenopteran parasitoids when infected with Hamiltonella (Oliver et al. 2003; Schmid et al. 2012; Asplen et al. 2014).”
Defensive symbiosis in the real world – advancing ecological studies of heritable, protective bacteria in aphids and beyond (2014, background): “2011b), and the existence of strain– enemy specificity (Schmid et al. 2012), all hint at the potential for symbiont-driven co-evolution in the pea aphid system.”
Defensive microbial symbionts in Hymenoptera (2014, background): “Thus, the three-partite association between aphid, bacterium, and phage is necessary for successful defense against a parasitoid wasp, and the efficiency of the protection depends on a complex interaction of host, symbiont, phage, and parasitoid genome (Degnan & Moran 2008a; Oliver et al. 2009; Sand”
Nine facultative endosymbionts in aphids. A review (2017, background): “…can adapt to aphid resistance after having been exposed to H. defensa for a certain period of time (Dion et al., 2011), although they still showed lower emergence, longer development time and smaller size than other parasitoids developing in aphids without H. defensa (Schmid et al., 2012).”