Observations of hysteresis in flow around two square cylinders in a tandem arrangement

By Chia-Hung Liu, Jerry M Chen. 2002

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Strouhal numbers in the wake of two inline cylinders (2004, background): “Zdravkovich 1977, 1987; Igarashi 1981; Chang and Song 1990; Slaouti and Stansby 1992; Mittal et al. 1997; Lin et al. 2002; Liu and Chen 2002; Jester and Kallinderis 2003).”
A numerical investigation of the flow over a pair of identical square cylinders in a tandem arrangement (2012, background): “In an experimental study, hysteresis is observed in the wind tunnel by varying the spacing between the cylinders in a progressively increasing and decreasing manner at each Reynolds number (see [19]).”
On the wake-induced vibration of tandem circular cylinders: the vortex interaction excitation mechanism (2010, background): “Liu & Chen (2002) showed that this phenomenon occurs for a pair of square cylinders in tandem and Zdravkovich (1977) suggested this possibility may occur for circular cylinders.”