Immunopathogenesis of IBD: current state of the art

By H. Souza, C. Fiocchi. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology &Hepatology, 2016

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Pathomechanisms of Oxidative Stress in Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Potential Antioxidant Therapies (2017, background): “These factors may be more accurately categorized as lifestyle factors [6, 132, 146, 147].”
The intestinal barrier: a fundamental role in health and disease (2017, background): “Although the exact mechanisms in the initial development of IBD are not fully understood, it is believed that an abnormal immune response is elicited against the intestinal microbiota in genetically predisposed individuals [93].”
Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs)-Mediated Gut Epithelial and Immune Regulation and Its Relevance for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (2019, background): “Innate and adaptive inflammatory cells infiltrating the lamina propria(LP) can produce pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as IFN-γ, IL-17, TNF-α, or IL-1β) exacerbating the inflammatory process, causing epithelial damage and intestinal and extra-intestinal symptoms (3, 8).”