How Agencies Respond to Human–black Bear Conflicts: A Survey of Wildlife Agencies in North America

By Rocky D. Spencer, R. Beausoleil, D. Martorello. 2007

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Food availability and foraging near human developments by black bears (2013, background): “…food source available to bears that use urban areas (Beckmann and Berger 2003a), and the majority of studies that report bear foraging on human foods identify garbage as the main attractant bringing bears near humans (Badyaev 1998; Rogers et al. 1976; Spencer et al. 2007; Thiemann et al. 2008).”
Foraging ecology of black bears in urban environments: guidance for human‐bear conflict mitigation (2015, background): “Furthermore, wildlife managers generally agree that compared with bear removal, removing attractants provides a better and long-lasting solution to conflict (Spencer et al. 2007, Baruch-Mordo et al. 2013).”
Learning to live with black bears: A psychological model of acceptance (2012, background): “Both Pennsylvania and West Virginia report large breeding populations of black bears (15,000 and 11,000 bears, respectively; Spencer et al. 2007).”