Battery State Estimation for a Single Particle Model With Electrolyte Dynamics

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SoC Estimation for Lithium-ion Batteries: Review and Future Challenges (2017, methodology): “in [83] present a state estimation scheme for a reduced EChM by deriving a single-particle model (SPM) with electrolyte.”
Battery digital twins: Perspectives on the fusion of models, data and artificial intelligence for smart battery management systems (2020, methodology): “However, to overcome this problem, authors have modiﬁed the SPM to include the electrolyte concentration gradients back into the model towards a formulation termed the enhanced SPM (SPMe) which has superior accuracy compared to the SPM [22 , 23] .”
A continuum of physics-based lithium-ion battery models reviewed (2022, methodology): “The spatial uniformity in discharge can either be assumed directly [82] or derived systematically, using asymptotic methods, based either on very slow battery discharge [78] or on rapid changes in the opencircuit potentials (measured in terms of the thermal potential), with respect to changes in the”