Zones of photosynthetic potential on Mars and the early Earth

By C. Cockell, J. Raven. 2004

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Modelling the surface and subsurface Martian radiation environment: Implications for astrobiology (2007, background): “UV penetrates only millimetres into regolith [ Cockell and Raven, 2004 ], but there is estimated to be around a meter’s depth of loose topsoil [Soderblom et al., 2004] within a portion of which wind-mixing of oxidants is expected to present a serious biological hazard.”
Sustainable life support on Mars – the potential roles of cyanobacteria (2015, background): “It has for example been assessed that, at midday at vernal equinox, light levels on Mars are about 5000 times greater than the minimum required for photosynthesis (Cockell & Raven 2004).”
The Habitability of Planets Orbiting M-dwarf Stars (2016, background): “…the early Earth (Cnossen et al., 2007; Westall et al., 2011; Grosch & Hazen, 2015), solar system planets like Mars (Navarro-González et al., 2003; Cockell & Raven, 2004; Diaz & Schulze-Makuch, 2006; de la Vega et al., 2007; Dartnell et al., 2010), the moons of the outer solar system such as…”
Degradation of the organic molecules in the shallow subsurface of Mars due to irradiation by cosmic rays (2012, background): “Second, all UV radiation should be effectively absorbed in the first mm of any exposed rock surface [Cockell and Raven, 2004].”