Cross-linking in Hydrogels - A Review

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Preparation and characterization of nanocellulose reinforced semi-interpenetrating polymer network of chitosan hydrogel (2017, background): “Crosslinked polymers do not dissolve but only swell in solvents (Maitra and Shukla 2014).”
Nanocellulose from Agricultural Wastes: Products and Applications—A Review (2021, background): “In most cases, chains of different polymers are bonded by physical or chemical interactions (crosslinks) in order to produce multidimensional network structures such as hydrogels and aerogels [83].”
Smart Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery Application: Development of Versatile Nanocarrier Platforms in Biotechnology and Nanomedicine (2019, methodology): “In this case, the gel formation is attributed to the arrangement crystallites which acts like a physical crosslinking site in the network, through the repeated freezing/thawing method [52].”
Superabsorbent polymers in agriculture and other applications: a review (2019, background): “Chemical cross-linking is achieved by covalent cross-linking of polymers by using high energy radiation or by free-radical polymerization, they give permanent hydrogels, the hydrogels have good mechanical properties.([74]) 8.”