A Review of Ex-Post Evidence for Mode Substitution and Induced Demand Following the Introduction of High-Speed Rail

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Air transport and high-speed rail competition: environmental implications and mitigation strategies (2016, background): “Similarly, in the case of London to Paris, Lille and Brussels routes, such demand is 12% for rail, 49% for planes, 7% for cars and 12% for coaches (Givoni and Dobruszkes, 2013).”
High speed rail and tourism: Empirical evidence from Spain (2016, background): “There is a growing body of literature examining the modal competition between HSR and air transportation (see Givoni and Dobruszkes, 2013, for a review) that stresses the former’s ability to attract a relatively large market share of medium-distance travelers.”