The recolonization of Europe by brown bears Ursus arctos Linnaeus, 1758 after the Last Glacial Maximum

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Late-Quaternary biogeographic scenarios for the brown bear (Ursus arctos), a wild mammal model species (2011, background): “Europe (Fig. 6a; Kurtén, 1968; Sommer and Benecke, 2005) are available from the late Pleistocene up to the LGM (approximately 130e25 kyBP).”
Fossil evidence and phylogeography of temperate species: ‘glacial refugia’ and post‐glacial recolonization (2009, background): “Temperate mammal species reached northern Central Europe during the warmer Greenland Interstadials between the first and the second glacial maxima (Sommer & Benecke, 2005a; Sommer et al., 2008, 2009).”
Genetic structure of Hypochaeris uniflora (Asteraceae) suggests vicariance in the Carpathians and rapid post‐glacial colonization of the Alps from an eastern Alpine refugium (2007, unknown): “…temperate trees (King & Ferris, 1998; Petit et al., 2002; Magri et al., 2006), butterflies (Schmitt & Seitz, 2001), amphibians (Babik et al., 2005), snakes (Ursenbacher et al., 2006) and mammals (Jaarola & Searle, 2002; Sommer & Benecke, 2004, 2005; Deffontaine et al., 2005; Kotlı́k et al., 2006).”
Genetics and conservation of European brown bears Ursus arctos (2011, background): “European brown bear subfossils show that brown bears did inhabit tundrasteppes, recolonized central Europe after the glacial maximum fastest of the Holocene carnivores and were restricted to glacial refugia, including the Carpathians, for a maximum of 10000 years (Sommer & Benecke 2005).”