Pixel Perfect : Fingerprinting Canvas in HTML 5

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Online Tracking: A 1-million-site Measurement and Analysis (2016, background): “New ﬁngerprinting techniques are continually discovered [25, 31, 14], and are subsequently used to track users on the web [29, 2, 1].”
Cookieless Monster: Exploring the Ecosystem of Web-Based Device Fingerprinting (2013, background): “Mowery and Shacham later proposed the use of rendering text and WebGL scenes to a <canvas> element as another way of fingerprinting browsers [39].”
FPDetective: dusting the web for fingerprinters (2013, background): “Other researchers have proposed the use of performance benchmarks for differentiating between JavaScript engines [15], errors in standard test-suites [17] and differences in the appearance of canvas elements created through JavaScript [16].”
I am Robot: (Deep) Learning to Break Semantic Image CAPTCHAs (2016, background): “The way that content is rendered across machines and browsers varies, enabling device fingerprinting [7].”
Anything to Hide? Studying Minified and Obfuscated Code in the Web (2019, background): “We find that many of the obfuscated scripts access APIs that are typically used for tracking, fingerprinting, cookie syncing, or cookie theft.”