Urban Structure and Energy—A Review

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Transport poverty and fuel poverty in the UK: From analogy to comparison (2017, unknown): “Empirical studies have shown that higher-density urban areas have lower transport-related energy consumption and carbon emissions (Kennedy et al., 2009; Liddle, 2013; Newman and Kenworthy, 1999; Rickwood et al., 2008), because distances between residences and activity destinations are shorter, and t”
Energy requirements of consumption: Urban form, climatic and socio-economic factors, rebounds and their policy implications (2013, background): “The two consumption areas directly connected to urban form and structure are mobility and housing as well as their respective energy and resource requirements (Rickwood et al., 2008).”
Urban Density and Climate Change: A STIRPAT Analysis Using City-Level Data (2013, background): “Although there is still debate about the causal mechanism involved, we agree with Rickwood et al. (2008) that the most compelling explanation is that “… there is a positive feedback loop between transport and land use such that public transport friendly land use encourages less automobile travel…”