Chronic Poverty and Remote Rural Areas

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Determinants of rural poverty in Nigeria: Evidence from small holder farmers in South-western, Nigeria (2010, background): “Rural poverty also tends to be deeper than urban poverty in these regions (Bird et al., 2002; Apata et al., 2009).”
Why Forests Are Important for Global Poverty Alleviation: a Spatial Explanation (2008, background): “Chronic poverty and poverty rates tend to be higher in remote rural areas, which are sometimes referred to as spatial poverty traps (Jalan and Ravallion 1997, Bird et al. 2002, Kanbur and Venables 2003), and forests, particularly primary forests, tend to be denser in remote rural areas.”
Towards a clearer understanding of `vulnerability' in relation to chronic poverty (2003, background): “understanding of transient poverty in rural areas” ( Bird et al. 2002, p. 11 ).”
Are Fishers Poor or Vulnerable? Assessing Economic Vulnerability in Small-Scale Fishing Communities (2009, background): “Remote rural areas (RRAs) are defined in the development literature as regions which are geographically or frictionally (distance6time) distant from locations of economic activity and urban agglomerations, and/or from political centres (Bird et al., 2002).”
Do Monetary and Nonmonetary Indicators Tell the Same Story About Chronic Poverty? A Study of Vietnam in the 1990s (2003, unknown): “poverty ( Bird, Hulme, Moore and Shepherd, 2002 ).”