Fluctuating ungulate density shapes tree recruitment in natural stands of the BiałOwieża Primeval Forest, Poland.

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Landscape of fear in Europe: wolves affect spatial patterns of ungulate browsing in Bialowieza Primeval Forest, Poland (2013, background): “As red deer is the dominant browser in the system (79% of the total number of browsing ungulate species excluding wild boar), browsing intensity is largely influenced by this species (see also Kuijper et al. 2010a).”
Shrubs protect oak seedlings against ungulate browsing in temperate broadleaved forests of conservation interest: A field experiment (2012, background): “…by large herbivores influences light availability, tree regeneration and ground vegetation structure and composition, to an extent that browsing-tolerant tree species are often favored (Schreiner et al., 1996; Kirby, 2001; Augustine and DeCalesta, 2003; Kuijper et al., 2010; Mathisen et al., 2010).”