Environmental influences on stereotypy and the activity budget of Indian leopards (Panthera pardus) in four zoos in Southern India

By A. Mallapur, R. Chellam. 2002

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Animal–visitor interactions in the modern zoo: Conflicts and interventions (2009, background): “Mallapur and Chellam (2002) found that Indian leopards (Panthera pardus) were significantly less active when visitors were present as opposed to days when the zoo was closed to the public.”
Number of nearby visitors and noise level affect vigilance in captive koalas (2014, background): “Previous research often used abnormal and stereotypic ehaviours as an indicator of compromised welfare in anials (Mallapur and Chellam, 2002).”
Sources of stress in captivity (2007, background): “In another study of zoo-housed leopards, overall activity was suppressed when visitors were present, and large increases in visitor numbers resulted in increased pacing (Mallapur and Chellam, 2002), a behavioral indicator of agitation or stress.”
Enclosure choice and well‐being in giant pandas: is it all about control? (2005, background): “For example, leopards pace more when confined to indoor off-exhibit enclosures than when on exhibit outdoors in more natural enclosures [ Mallapur and Chellam, 2002 ].”
A preliminary model of human–animal relationships in the zoo (2008, background): “There is consistency in the cats’ lack of change in activity levels, with one study showing a decrease (Mallapur and Chelan, 2002) and none showing an increase.”