Reynolds number and aspect ratio effects on the leading-edge vortex for rotating insect wing planforms

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Dynamics of revolving wings for various aspect ratios (2014, methodology): “Similar transitional elements have been seen both computationally and experimentally for a revolving wing by Carr et al. (2013) and Harbig et al. (2013), respectively; although, they are described as ‘dual-LEVs’.”
Vorticity transport in the leading-edge vortex on a rotating blade (2014, background): “It should be noted that for insect wing planforms, both Poelma, Dickson & Dickinson (2006) (experiments at Re = 256) and Harbig et al. (2013) (simulations at Re = 120 and 1500) did not observe a steady state of the leading-edge vortex until approximately ψ = 90◦.”
Hydrodynamics of swimming in stingrays: numerical simulations and the role of the leading-edge vortex (2016, background): “…Lewin & Haj-Hariri 2003; Dong et al. 2006), the LEV grows and starts shedding, but it remains stable/attached for 3D rotating blades (Ellington et al. 1996; Van Den Berg & Ellington 1997; Aono et al. 2008; Lentink & Dickinson 2009a,b; Ozen & Rockwell 2012; Harbig et al. 2013; Cheng et al. 2014).”