Ecology, trade and states in pre-colonial Africa

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The Effect of the Tsetse Fly on African Development (2015, methodology): “…historically low population density, or relative land abundance, has played a pivotal role in shaping its development (Hopkins 1973; Iliffe 1995; Fenske 2013; Herbst 2000).2 This view maintains that abundant arable land weakened state development by hindering the ability to broadcast power…”
Climate Risk, Cooperation and the Co-Evolution of Culture and Institutions (2017, background): “…have shaped long-run socio-economic outcomes, including gender attitudes (Alesina et al., 2013), time preference (Galor and Özak, 2016), ethnic diversity (Michalopoulos, 2012), the timing of the Neolithic revolution (Ashraf and Michalopoulos, 2015) and state centralisation (Fenske, 2014).”
Mining and Local Corruption in Africa (2017, background): “A distinct line of research has focused on local variation in pre-colonial political structures and their effect on economic development (Michalopoulos and Papaioannou, 2013, 2014; Fenske, 2014).”