Influence of cytochrome P450 polymorphisms on drug therapies: pharmacogenetic, pharmacoepigenetic and clinical aspects.

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Polymorphism of human cytochrome P450 enzymes and its clinical impact (2009, background): “Most CYPs are subject to induction and inhibition, and genetic mutations play an important or dominant role in the enzyme activity variation of many CYPs, in particular CYP2A6, 2C9, 2C19, and 2D6 (Ingelman-Sundberg et al., 2007; Zhou et al., 2008).”
Sex Differences in the Expression of Hepatic Drug Metabolizing Enzymes (2009, background): “A well studied example is CYP2D6, where genetic polymorphisms contribute to large interindividual variability in the metabolism of many antidepressants, antipsychotics, analgesics, and anticancer drugs (Ingelman-Sundberg et al., 2007).”
Cytochrome P450 Enzymes and Drug Metabolism in Humans (2021, background): “, intrinsic factors (age and disease states) and extrinsic factors (nutrition and smoking), as well as comedication (induction and inhibition), which can be important for predicting how an individual will respond to a drug [48].”