The 2-10 keV luminosity as a Star Formation Rate indicator

By P. Ranalli, A. Comastri, G. S. I. Bologna, I. Bologna. 2002

547 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Radio and far infrared luminosities of star-forming galaxies follow a tight linear relation. Making use of ASCA and BeppoSAX observations of a well-defined sample of nearby star-forming galaxies, we argue that tight linear relations hold between the X-ray, radio and far infrared luminosities. The effect of intrinsic absorption is investigated taking NGC3256 as a test case. It is suggested that the hard X-ray emission is directly related to the Star Formation Rate. Star formation processes may also account for most of the 2-10 keV emission from LLAGNs of lower X-ray luminosities (for the same FIRand radio luminosity). Deep Chandra observations of a sample of radio-selected star-forming galaxies in the Hubble Deep Field North show that the same relation holds also at high (0.2 < z < 1.3) redshift. The X-ray/radio relations also allow a derivation of X-ray number counts up to very faint fluxes from the radio Log N-Log S, which is consistent with current limits and models. Thus the contribution of star-forming galaxies to the X-ray background can be estimated.

Subfields: Astronomy and Astrophysics, Instrumentation

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/90a7e8b65d3fa0be8d6159ef62a10300831fb5b0

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Citations in the corpus

X-RAY BINARY EVOLUTION ACROSS COSMIC TIME (2012, background): “These include a very strong correlation between total X-ray emission from high-mass XRBs (HMXBs) and the galaxy-wide star-formation rate (SFR) (e.g. Ranalli et al. 2003; Gilfanov et al. 2004; Hornschemeier et al. 2005; Lehmer et al. 2010; Mineo et al. 2012a), as well as a scaling between total…”
Lyα-EMITTING GALAXIES AT z = 2.1 IN ECDF-S: BUILDING BLOCKS OF TYPICAL PRESENT-DAY GALAXIES? (2009, background): “The observed soft-band implies a 3σ upper limit on the average SFR of 30 M yr −1 (Ranalli et al. 2003).”
THREE-YEAR SWIFT–BAT SURVEY OF ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI: RECONCILING THEORY AND OBSERVATIONS? (2010, background): “Finally, it is worth considering that (1) the contribution from the stellar population hardly extends above ∼1041 erg s−1 Ranalli et al. (2003); Norman et al. (2004) and (2) in the 15–55 keV band this contribution is expected to decrease to even a lower fraction of the “bolometric” luminosity (see,…”
Near-Infrared Bright Galaxies at z ≃ 2. Entering the Spheroid Formation Epoch? (2003, background): “The object is also a faint 1.4 Ghz radio source with a flux density of 103±13µJy (Kellermann et al. 2003, private comunication), fully consistent with the tight X-ray–radio luminosities correlation shown by Ranalli et al. (2003) for actively star-forming galaxies.”
UV CONTINUUM SLOPE AND DUST OBSCURATION FROM z ∼ 6 TO z ∼ 2: THE STAR FORMATION RATE DENSITY AT HIGH REDSHIFT (2009, background): “2 from light at different wavelengths (Condon 1992; Kennicutt 1998; Madau et al. 1998; Ranalli et al. 2003; Yüksel et al. 2008; Li 2008; Reddy et al. 2006; Yun et al. 2001; Reddy & Steidel 2004; Reddy et al. 2006; Erb et al. 2006b), the situation becomes considerably more uncertain at redshift z &…”
Faint high-redshift AGN in the Chandra deep field south: the evolution of the AGN luminosity function and black hole demography (2011, methodology): “The X-ray luminosity corresponding to the observed SFR is log L(2– 10 keV)∼ 42.35 (by using the Ranalli et al. 2003 conversion factor), just a factor 40% lower than the observed X-ray luminosity.”
A CHANDRA PERSPECTIVE ON GALAXY-WIDE X-RAY BINARY EMISSION AND ITS CORRELATION WITH STAR FORMATION RATE AND STELLAR MASS: NEW RESULTS FROM LUMINOUS INFRARED GALAXIES (2010, background): “…revealed the presence of a strong correlation between the galaxy-wide X-ray emission and total SFR (hereafter, the X-ray/SFR correlation; see, e.g., Bauer et al. 2002; Grimm et al. 2003; Ranalli et al. 2003; Gilfanov et al. 2004a,b; Persic et al. 2004; Persic & Rephaeli 2007; Lehmer et al. 2008).”
A CORRELATION BETWEEN STAR FORMATION RATE AND AVERAGE BLACK HOLE ACCRETION IN STAR-FORMING GALAXIES (2013, background): “These X-ray point sources have 0.5-7 keV luminosities of 1042 < LX < 1045 erg s−1, which are characteristic for moderate- to high-luminosity AGNs and significantly larger than the typicalLX for star forming galaxies (Ranalli et al. 2003).”
THE DISRUPTION OF GIANT MOLECULAR CLOUDS BY RADIATION PRESSURE & THE EFFICIENCY OF STAR FORMATION IN GALAXIES (2009, background): “Given this density, we find that there is a critical surface densityΣc above which thermal X-ray emission from the hot gas would exceed the observed correlation between X-ray and FIR emission (LX ≃ 10−4LFIR; Ranalli et al. 2003):Σc ≃ 0.04(Hd/100pc)−2/5T 3/5 7 .”
Spectral Energy Distributions of Hard X-Ray Selected Active Galactic Nuclei in the XMM-Newton Medium Deep Survey (2007, unknown): “However, its radio/X-ray luminosity ratio is 10 times larger than what is expected for normal star-forming galaxies (Ranalli et al. 2003), supporting the assumption that this source is an AGN.”
The HELLAS2XMM Survey. VII. The Hard X-Ray Luminosity Function of AGNs up to z = 4: More Absorbed AGNs at Low Luminosities and High Redshifts (2005, background): “The situation is even worse, since at faint fluxes we expect a relevant contribution from normal X-ray galaxies to the counts (about 20 and 400 deg 2 at S0:5 2 ¼ 10 15 and 10 16 ergs cm 2 s 1, respectively; Ranalli et al. 2003; Bauer et al. 2004).”
High-mass X-ray binaries in the Milky Way (2013, background): “The X-ray luminosity of normal star forming galaxies, dominated by HMXBs and by the hot ionized inter-stellar gas, correlates well with the star formation rate (Grimm et al., 2003; Ranalli et al., 2003; Lehmer et al., 2010; Mineo et al., 2012a,b; Lutovinov et al., 2013b).”
A HIGHLY CONSISTENT FRAMEWORK FOR THE EVOLUTION OF THE STAR-FORMING “MAIN SEQUENCE” FROM z ∼ 0–6 (2014, background): “See Ranalli et al. (2003), Rieke et al. (2009), and 11 This might affect correlations with mass, especially in star formation is “bursty”.”
The Assembly History of Field Spheroidals: Evolution of Mass-to-Light Ratios and Signatures of Recent Star Formation (2005, methodology): “Since the majority of the 42 X-ray counterparts of our spheroidal galaxies have emitted luminosities in the range typical of star-forming galaxies (L0:5 2 1042 ergs s 1; see Ranalli et al. 2003), we concluded that ¼ 2 is a good approximation of the required k-correction.”
Cosmic X-ray surveys of distant active galaxies (2015, background): “Many researchers have established relations between X-ray luminosity and SFR for starburst/normal galaxies that lack AGNs (e.g., Bauer et al 2002; Ranalli et al 2003; Persic and Rephaeli 2007; Lehmer et al 2010; Mineo et al 2014).”
The Fall of Active Galactic Nuclei and the Rise of Star-forming Galaxies: A Close Look at the Chandra Deep Field X-Ray Number Counts (2004, methodology): “…galaxy number counts also agree well with the predictions made by Ranalli et al. (2003) using the X-ray/radio correlation (e.g., Bauer et al. 2002b; Ranalli et al. 2003) and the radio number counts of Richards (2000), indicating that there is a good correspondence between the X-ray and radio…”
A COMPLETE SAMPLE OF ULTRALUMINOUS X-RAY SOURCE HOST GALAXIES (2011, background): “This eliminates galaxies with low star formation rates (SFRs) which are known to host few, if any, ULXs (e.g., Grimm et al. 2003; Ranalli et al. 2003).”