Factors Affecting Bank Profitability in Pakistan

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Bank-specific and macro-economic determinants of profitability of Indian commercial banks: A panel data approach (2018, background): “Whereas, Gul, Irshad, and Zaman (2011) and Singh and Sharma (2016) found a negative effect on banks’ profitability.”
Determinants of Financial Performance of Commercial Banks in Kenya (2013, background): “The NIM variable is defined as the net interest income divided by total earnings assets (Gul et al., 2011).”
Impact of payment technology innovations on the traditional financial industry: A focus on China (2018, background): “Average EVA per share Many scholars use profitability ratios such as ROE and ROA to represent financial companies' overall profitability (Athanasoglou et al., 2005; Gul et al., 2011; Olson and Zoubi, 2011).”
Impact of Internal Factors on Bank Profitability: Comparative Study between Saudi Arabia and Jordan (2014, background): “[8], Sufian [11] and Suzuki [14] reported a direct relationship between the loan and profitability.”
Ownership, bank size, capitalization and bank performance: Evidence from India (2020, background): “Some of the studies have shown a positive relationship also (Demirguc-Kunt & Huizinga, 1999; Guru et al., 2002; P.P. Athanasoglou et al., 2005; Flamini et al., 2009; Shen et al., 2009; Gul et al., 2011; Sufian, 2011; Tan & Floros, 2012; Trujillo-Ponce, 2013; Tan, 2016; Batten & Vo, 2019).”