The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

By Clinton L. Doggett, Lois T. Doggett. 1990

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A Survey on Bias and Fairness in Machine Learning (2019, background): “Systemic discrimination refers to policies, customs, or behaviors that are a part of the culture or structure of an organization that may perpetuate discrimination against certain subgroups of the population [36].”
Awareness in practice: tensions in access to sensitive attribute data for antidiscrimination (2019, background): “As of 2017, nearly 70 thousand employers file EEO-1 reports per year, documenting data for over 50 million employees [14].”
Communicating Algorithmic Process in Online Behavioral Advertising (2018, background): “Deceptive business practices are pro-hibited by law, while targeting certain kinds of advertisements using certain protected categories is illegal (for example, in the US see [7, 8] ).”