Seasonal refugia, shoreward thermal amplification, and metapopulation dynamics of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island

By J. Costello, B. K. Sullivan, D. J. Gifford, D. Keuren, L. Sullivan. 2006

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Changes in biodiversity of phytoplankton, zooplankton, fishes and macrobenthos in the Southern Caspian Sea after the invasion of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis Leidyi (2010, background): “It has been reported that during winter months when population density was low M. leidyi congregated in shallow bays that serve as a refuge (Costello et al. 2006).”
Blooms of the invasive ctenophore, Mnemiopsis leidyi, span the Mediterranean Sea in 2009 (2010, background): “Ctenophore biomass declines in the autumn when temperatures decrease and the ctenophores overwinter in nearshore bottom-water refugia (Costello et al., 2006b).”
Questioning the Rise of Gelatinous Zooplankton in the World's Oceans (2012, unknown): “There is also growing evidence to suggest that climate alters the phenology of jellyfish, causing temporal shifts in bloom formation and trophic mismatches in the food web (Edwards and Richardson 2004, Costello et al. 2006, Condon and Steinberg 2008).”