Use of Cottonseed Meal in Aquatic Animal Diets: A Review

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Evaluation of alternative protein sources to replace fish meal in practical diets for juvenile tilapia, Oreochromis spp (2009, background): “Although some fish species can tolerate relatively high dietary levels of CSM, its use is probably continue to be limited to about 10–15% of the diet because of gossypol toxicity (Li and Robinson 2006).”
Partial dietary fish meal replacement with cotton seed meal and supplementation with exogenous protease alters growth, feed performance, hematological indices and associated gene expression markers (GH, IGF-I) for Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (2019, background): “Among the factors which limit incorporation of 73 CSM into aquafeeds are amino-acid imbalance, digestibility and presence of anti-nutritional 74 factors (ANFs) such as gossypol which impair utilization of nutrients resulting in reduced 75 growth, nutrient utilization and feed efficiency (Francis et ”
Ultra-Low Gossypol Cottonseed: Selective Gene Silencing Opens Up a Vast Resource of Plant-Based Protein to Improve Human Nutrition (2020, background): “This is largely due to its lower price as a protein source compared to soybean meal (Li and Robinson, 2006).”