Gang Membership, Gun Carrying, and Employment: Applying Routine Activities Theory to Explain Violent Victimization Among Inner City, Minority Youth Living in Extreme Poverty*

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Something Old, Something New: Revisiting Competing Hypotheses of the Victimization-Offending Relationship Among Adolescents (2011, background): “Consistent with that logic, it has often been argued that many adolescents, especially those in extremely disadvantaged contexts, join street gangs and engage in illegal behaviors with those gangs as a means of reducing their risks of criminal victimization (Decker and Curry 2000; Peterson et al. 20”
Disentangling the Effects of Violent Victimization, Violent Behavior, and Gun Carrying for Minority Inner-City Youth Living in Extreme Poverty (2013, background): “…but future research should determine if perceived risk of violent victimization and/ or broader measures of exposure to violence in the community are key determinants of the initiation of gun carrying by youth living in extreme poverty (Spano et al., 2008; Spano, Pridemore, & Bolland, 2010).”