Impacts of Bt crops on non-target invertebrates and insecticide use patterns

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Genetically engineered crops help support conservation biological control (2019, background): “Results mirror those found in prior meta-analyses with fewer studies (Naranjo, 2009) in showing that a variety of Bt plants and Cry proteins have no negative effects on a broad range of natural enemy species when the non-target species were exposed in an ecologically realistic manner (Fig.”
RNAi-Based Insecticidal Crops: Potential Effects on Nontarget Species (2013, background): “…et al. 2010), and, arguably, the commercialization of Bt crops has had few if any consistent direct effects on the abundance of nontarget organisms under field conditions (Marvier et al. 2007, Duan et al. 2008, Wolfenbarger et al. 2008, Lundgren et al. 2009, Naranjo 2009, Peterson et al. 2011).”