Direct Observations of Atmospheric Aerosol Nucleation

By Markku Kulmala, J. Kontkanen, H. Junninen, K. Lehtipalo, H. Manninen, Tuomo Nieminen, Tuukka Petäjä, M. Sipilä, S. Schobesberger, P. Rantala and 29 more. Science, 2013

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Modeling the formation and growth of atmospheric molecular clusters: A review (2020, background): “Atmospheric vapor molecules, with strong intermolecular interactions, can accumulate in the gas phase forming molecular clusters (Kulmala et al., 2013).”
Atmospheric new particle formation and growth: review of field observations (2018, background): “While most of these studies report a strong increase in the particle GR with increasing particle size at this size range (Kuang et al 2012, Kulmala et al 2013, Xiao et al 2015), also more complicated patterns of this size dependency have been suggested (Yu et al 2016).”
Methods for determining particle size distribution and growth rates between 1 and 3 nm using the Particle Size Magnifier (2014, methodology): “Size distributions have also been obtained using a pulse-height CPC (Sipilä et al. 2009, Lehtipalo et al. 2009, 2010), in which the supersaturation profile inside the CPC condenser is used to determine the size distribution between 1.5–5 nm.”
Highly Oxygenated Organic Molecules (HOM) from Gas-Phase Autoxidation Involving Peroxy Radicals: A Key Contributor to Atmospheric Aerosol (2019, methodology): “This assumption of extremely low vapor pressure was motivated in part by utilizing existing structure−activity relationships (SAR) (e.g., (Donahue et al., 2011) for the observed elemental compositions).(28) Ehn et al. (2014) also showed that the behavior of the observed molecules when in contact wit”