The Economy, Military, and Ecologically Unequal Exchange Relationships in Comparative Perspective: A Panel Study of the Ecological Footprints of Nations, 1975—2000

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The effects of globalization on Ecological Footprints: an empirical analysis (2017, background): “GDP had consistently been shown to be a significant and sizable determinant of EFs (Dietz et al. 2007; Jorgenson and Clark 2009, 2011; Rosa et al. 2004; York et al. 2003) and other pollutants (Dreher et al. 2008; Gassebner et al. 2011; Lamla 2009).”
The Effects of Affluence, Economic Development, and Environmental Degradation on Environmental Concern: A Multilevel Analysis (2011, background): “…is a tragedy of the commons (Hardin, 1968); environmental problems do not necessarily adhere to national borders, and more affluent nations may be able to externalize some of their environmental costs to less-affluent nations (Jorgenson & Clark, 2009), all of which make measurement difficult.”
The theory of unequal ecological exchange: a Marx-Odum dialectic (2014, background): “The ecological footprint has inspired considerable empirical research, mainly within sociology, directly aimed at assessing unequal ecological exchange (e.g. Jorgenson 2006, Rice 2007, Lawrence 2009, Jorgenson et al. 2009, Jorgenson and Clark 2009, 2012, Bonds and Downey 2012).”