Femtosecond writing of active optical waveguides with astigmatically shaped beams

By Roberto Osellame, S. Taccheo, M. Marangoni, Roberta Ramponi, P. Laporta, D. Polli, S. Silvestri, Giulio Cerullo. 2003

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Femtosecond laser micromachining in transparent materials (2008, background): “Changing the spatial profile and divergence of the input beam prior to focusing, such that the focal-spot profile is closer to a symmetric circular cross-section, can mitigate the asymmetr”
Dielectric Solid-State Planar Waveguide Lasers: A Review (2007, neutral): “ion-implantation [115], or optical writing methods [116]–[118].”
Ultrafast-laser-inscribed 3D integrated photonics: challenges and emerging applications (2015, methodology): “A cylindrical telescope, as shown in Figure 5A, can be inserted before the microscope objective, reducing the beam size in the direction transverse to the waveguide’s axis and thereby increasing the focal spot size in the same direction to obtain a circular waveguide [68, 69].”
Integration of optical waveguides and microfluidic channels fabricated by femtosecond laser irradiation (2007, background): “Femtosecond-laser induced refractive index modification is a powerful technique enabling single-step, threedimensional fabrication of optical waveguides in glass [3], and appears to be particularly suited for their integration into LOCs.”
Non-reciprocal ultrafast laser writing (2008, background): “This increase of the temperature described by equation (7) will eventually slow down owing to thermal diffusion and melting of the sample.”