Ammonia oxidation pathways and nitrifier denitrification are significant sources of N2O and NO under low oxygen availability

By Xia Zhu, M. Burger, T. A. Doane, William R. Horwath. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2013

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Chapter 14 – Nitrogen Transformations (2015, background): “Finally, nitriﬁers themselves can be direct and important sources of the atmospheric gases NO x and N 2 O through nitriﬁer denitriﬁcation when O 2 is low (Zhu et al., 2013) or via by-product formation.”
Processes and Microorganisms Involved in the Marine Nitrogen Cycle: Knowledge and Gaps (2019, background): “In the called “nitrifier denitrification,” NO2− is reduced to N2O via a NO intermediate under suboxic or anoxic conditions (Frame and Casciotti, 2010; Zhu et al., 2013).”
A review of soil NO transformation: associated processes and possible physiological significance on organisms (2015, background): “Nitrifier 643 denitrification may contribute significantly to losses of NH4 + as NO and 644 N2O emission from soils (Zumft, 1997; Zhu et al., 2013), however, a 645 contribution of nitrification (at least up to the formation of NO2 - or directly 646 via NH2OH aerobically) cannot be excluded (Zhu et…”