Profiles in Injustice: Why Racial Profiling Cannot Work

By David A. Harris. 2002

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Race and Perceptions of Police Misconduct (2004, background): “Such knowledge may be internalized and “vicariously experienced” by an individual and may be communicated to yet other friends, family members, acquaintances, and neighbors— with a possible multiplier effect on larger neighborhood or subcultural beliefs about the police (Harris 2002; Jacob 1971).”
Racial Threat, Suspicion, and Police Behavior (2012, background): “Police officers, perceiving Blacks to be differentially involved in these activities, target them accordingly (Harris, 2002).”
Racial Profiling by Store Clerks and Security Personnel in Retail Establishments (2003, background): “Since the Maryland case became public, other jurisdictions have also come under scrutiny by courts for their use of racial profiling (couched within the “drug-courier profile”) in the so-called “war against drugs” (Harris, 2002).”
Assessing the Effect of Race Bias in Post-traffic Stop Outcomes Using Propensity Scores (2006, background): “Harris (2002) argues that race-based discretion is not effective.”
An Analysis of the New York City Police Department's “Stop-and-Frisk” Policy in the Context of Claims of Racial Bias (2007, background): “These concerns focused on the extent to which police were stopping people on the highways for “driving while black” (see Weitzer 2000; Harris 2002; Lundman and Kaufman 2003).”