Channel flow over large cube roughness: a direct numerical simulation study

By Stefano Leonardi, I. Castro. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 2010

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A New Aerodynamic Parametrization for Real Urban Surfaces (2013, methodology): “Third, if the von Karman constant is not constant but variable (Andreas et al. 2006; Leonardi and Castro 2010), further investigations are necessary.”
Exponential roughness layer and analytical model for turbulent boundary layer flow over rectangular-prism roughness elements (2016, methodology): “…5–7 show that the exponential fit deviates from the data in the bottom 20–25 % of the roughness layer, experimental and DNS data typically show a more sudden drop closer to the surface (a thinner near-wall layer, see, e.g., figure 4 in Macdonald (2000) and figure 4 in Leonardi & Castro (2010)).”
Characterization of superhydrophobic surfaces for drag reduction in turbulent flow (2018, background): “In fact, form drag due to large, sparse (φs 6 0.2) features has been shown to be the major component of total friction for certain texture geometries (Kanda et al. 2004; Leonardi et al. 2007; Xie et al. 2008; Leonardi & Castro 2010).”
Direct numerical simulation of the turbulent boundary layer over a cube-roughened wall (2010, background): “D square bar roughness with small px/k (Leonardi et al. 2003; Leonardi & Castro 2010).”