Cellular Mechanisms in Higher Plants Governing Tolerance to Cadmium Toxicity
By G. Choppala, Saifullah, Nanthi S. Bolan, Sadia Bibi, M. Iqbal, Z. Rengel, A. Kunhikrishnan, N. Ashwath, Y. Ok. 2014
321 citations recorded by the source corpus.
Cadmium (Cd) is an inorganic mineral in the earth's crust. Cadmium entry into the environment occurs through geogenic and anthropogenic sources. Industrial activities including mining, electroplating, iron and steel plants, and battery production employ Cd during their processes and often release Cd into the environment. When disseminated into soil, Cd can be detrimental to agro-ecosystems because it is relatively mobile and phytotoxic even at low concentrations. Cadmium's phytotoxicity is due to reductions in the rate of transpiration and photosynthesis and chlorophyll concentration resulting in retardation of plant growth, and an alteration in the nutrient concentration in roots and leaves. In response to Cd toxicity, plants have developed protective cellular mechanisms such as synthesis of phytochelatins and metallothioneins, metal compartmentalization in vacuoles, and the increased activity of antioxidant enzymes to neutralize Cd-induced toxicity. While these direct protective mechanisms can help alleviate Cd toxicity, other indirect mechanisms such as microelements (zinc, iron, manganese, and selenium) interfering with Cd uptake may decrease Cd concentration in plants. This comprehensive review encompasses the significance of Cd, portals of contamination and toxicity to plants, and implications for crop production. Various mitigation strategies with the beneficial effects of zinc, iron, manganese, and selenium in activating defence mechanisms against Cd stress are discussed. Furthermore, this review systematically identifies and summarises suitable strategies for mitigating Cd-induced toxicity in plants.
Subfields: Plant Science, Pollution
View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/8a8cea07b915a3626ab287e148aa7b11879dc46f
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Citations in the corpus
- Cadmium stress in rice: toxic effects, tolerance mechanisms, and management: a critical review (2016, background): “In order to avoid Cd toxicity, rice possesses some tolerance mechanisms at physiological and molecular levels (Shah and Nahakpam 2012; Zhang et al. 2013; Choppala et al. 2014; Yu et al. 2015).”
- Cadmium stress in plants: A critical review of the effects, mechanisms, and tolerance strategies (2020, background): “Sequestration is an adaptive mechanism used by plants to increase their tolerance to metal stress and their ability to survive in highly contaminated soil with PTE (Baker et al., 2010; Choppala et al., 2014; Kushwaha et al., 2016).”
- Phytoremediation strategies for soils contaminated with heavy metals: Modifications and future perspectives. (2017, background): “…the integrity of important biomolecules, 58 modifying some macromolecules, replacing essential metal ions from structural formulae of 59 biomolecules, and altering antioxidant defense mechanisms as a result of ROS production 60 (Sarwar et al., 2010; Chafai and Koyama, 2011; Choppala et al., 2014).”