The Myth of Invasion: the inconvenient realities of African migration to Europe

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Migration, entrepreneurship and development: critical questions (2017, background): “In this respect, de Haas (2010) has cautioned against simplified assumptions about the relationship between migration and development.”
Growing Restrictiveness or Changing Selection? The Nature and Evolution of Migration Policies1 (2014, unknown): “This impression is reinforced by metaphors such as “Fortress Europe,” by increasingly technically sophisticated systems of border control, the erection of border fences, and the detention and expulsion of irregular migrants (Massey 1999; Geddes 2003; de Haas 2008a).”
International Migration: Trends, Determinants, and Policy Effects (2019, background): “…intensively in the 1990s, this led to a diversification of terrestrial routes and maritime crossing points, as well as an increasing reliance on smuggling for Moroccan emigrants and transiting sub-Saharan African migrants (Brachet 2005; Bredeloup and Pliez 2005; Crawley et al. 2016; de Haas 2008).”