CT dose reduction and dose management tools: overview of available options.

By C. McCollough, M. Bruesewitz, J. Kofler. Radiographics, 2006

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3D Convolutional Encoder-Decoder Network for Low-Dose CT via Transfer Learning from a 2D Trained Network (2018, positive): “Here N I (Noise Index) is referenced to the standard deviation of CT numbers within a region of interest in a water phantom of a specific size [42], which was used by GE as a measurement of the dose level.”
Material differentiation by dual energy CT: initial experience (2007, background): “modulation [18, 19] running parallel for both tubes helps to cut down image noise and improve 80 kVp image quality,”
Cancer risks from diagnostic radiology. (2008, methodology): “There are a variety of CT parameters that can be optimized in order to deliver a minimum dose while obtaining the desired information, and there is much published research in this area [106, 107].”
Clinical use of quantitative computed tomography and peripheral quantitative computed tomography in the management of osteoporosis in adults: the 2007 ISCD Official Positions. (2008, methodology): “In modern spiral CT scanners, techniques are implemented to significantly reduce radiation exposure by optimally adapting the X-ray tube current to the individual subject being scanned (24).”