Influence of chronic, low-level hydrodynamic forces on subtidal community structure

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Production and fate of kelp detritus (2012, unknown): “The onshore advance of grazing fronts of sea urchins is generally limited by wave action, either directly or via the whiplash effect of kelps (Velimirov & Griffiths 1979, Dayton 1985b, Scheibling et al. 1999, Konar & Estes 2003, Siddon & Witman 2003, Lauzon-Guay & Scheibling 2007).”
Hurricane-mediated defoliation of kelp beds and pulsed delivery of kelp detritus to offshore sedimentary habitats (2012, background): “Siddon & Witman (2003) found that water velocities of 7.5 m s−1 are required to dislodge large sea urchins attached to bedrock, but much lower velocities are expected to displace sea urchins on sandy substrata to which they cannot firmly attach (Laur et al. 1986).”
Seasonal variation in movement, aggregation and destructive grazing of the green sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis) in relation to wave action and sea temperature (2007, background): “The extent to which this decrease in density is caused by urchins moving away from the kelp bed (or from one another) or by dislodgement of individuals as waves increase in strength is unknown, but strong storms can generate water velocities suYcient to dislodge urchins (50% dislodgement at 5 m s i1”