Coupled electrodynamics in the nighttime midlatitude ionosphere

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Sporadic E morphology from GPS‐CHAMP radio occultation (2005, background): “In addition, linkage of Es to other ionospheric phenomena, including spread F and traveling ionospheric disturbance, has also been investigated [Tsunoda and Cosgrove, 2001].”
A brief review of equatorial ionization anomaly and ionospheric irregularities (2018, background): “Recent understanding is that the electro-dynamical coupling between the E- and Fregions plays an important role in enhancing the growth rate of Perkins instability (e.g., Tsunoda and Cosgrove, 2001).”
GPS observations of medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances over Europe (2011, background): “Tsunoda and Cosgrove (2001) have suggested that intense electric fields generated by the Hall polarization process in the Es layer could be transmitted to the F-region, causing a positive feedback process of the perturbations in the polarization electric fields and plasma density.”
Instability of the E‐F coupled nighttime midlatitude ionosphere (2003, background): “[1] Tsunoda and Cosgrove [2001] recently pointed out that the F layer and sporadic E”