The formation of ‘optimal’ vortex rings, and the efficiency of propulsion devices

By P. Linden, J. S. Turner. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 2001

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Undulatory and oscillatory swimming (2019, background): “In this respect, Linden & Turner (2001) and Dabiri (2009) have interpreted the structure of wakes generated by swimmers in terms of optimal vortex formation, a concept that was originally proposed in terms of vortex ring formation Gharib, Rambod & Shariff (1998).”
Starting flow through nozzles with temporally variable exit diameter (2005, methodology): “Nonetheless, the comparison with Hill’s vortex is noteworthy because previous analytical studies of the pinch-off process have invoked the Norbury family of vortices, which includes Hill’s vortex as its limiting member (e.g. Gharib et al. 1998; Linden & Turner 2001; Mohseni et al. 2001).”
Fluid entrainment by isolated vortex rings (2004, background): “Maxworthy (1972) notes that the physical extent of the ring may not be accurately determined from common dye visualizations, due to marked differences in the diffusion coefficients of the vorticity and the dye marker (e.”