Skeletal and Extraskeletal Actions of Vitamin D: Current Evidence and Outstanding Questions
By R. Bouillon, C. Marcocci, G. Carmeliet, D. Bikle, John H. White, B. Dawson-Hughes, P. Lips, C. Munns, M. Lazaretti-Castro, A. Giustina and 1 more. Endocrine reviews, 2018
994 citations recorded by the source corpus.
Abstract The etiology of endemic rickets was discovered a century ago. Vitamin D is the precursor of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and other metabolites, including 1,25(OH)2D, the ligand for the vitamin D receptor (VDR). The effects of the vitamin D endocrine system on bone and its growth plate are primarily indirect and mediated by its effect on intestinal calcium transport and serum calcium and phosphate homeostasis. Rickets and osteomalacia can be prevented by daily supplements of 400 IU of vitamin D. Vitamin D deficiency (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D <50 nmol/L) accelerates bone turnover, bone loss, and osteoporotic fractures. These risks can be reduced by 800 IU of vitamin D together with an appropriate calcium intake, given to institutionalized or vitamin D–deficient elderly subjects. VDR and vitamin D metabolic enzymes are widely expressed. Numerous genetic, molecular, cellular, and animal studies strongly suggest that vitamin D signaling has many extraskeletal effects. These include regulation of cell proliferation, immune and muscle function, skin differentiation, and reproduction, as well as vascular and metabolic properties. From observational studies in human subjects, poor vitamin D status is associated with nearly all diseases predicted by these extraskeletal actions. Results of randomized controlled trials and Mendelian randomization studies are supportive of vitamin D supplementation in reducing the incidence of some diseases, but, globally, conclusions are mixed. These findings point to a need for continued ongoing and future basic and clinical studies to better define whether vitamin D status can be optimized to improve many aspects of human health. Vitamin D deficiency enhances the risk of osteoporotic fractures and is associated with many diseases. We review what is established and what is plausible regarding the health effects of vitamin D.
Subfields: Nutrition and Dietetics, Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine
View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/8749f23c1187686cd693b6b326e663fa1ec8392c
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- J. M. Vaquero Barrios
- Juan Francisco Alcalá Díaz
- L. E. Entrenas Costa
- Marta Entrenas Castillo
- José López Miranda
- Roger Bouillon
- J. Q. Quesada Gómez
Citations in the corpus
- “Effect of calcifediol treatment and best available therapy versus best available therapy on intensive care unit admission and mortality among patients hospitalized for COVID-19: A pilot randomized clinical study” (2020, positive): “[42] The tissue effects of restoring the activation of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) signaling pathway may be due to circulating endocrine 125(OH) 2D or, more likely, on the local conversion (para/autocrine) of 25OHD into the active hormone in pulmonary alveolar cells, immune cells or other potential”
- Vitamin D and Clinical Outcomes in Head and Neck Cancer: A Systematic Review (2025, unknown): “Vitamin D, a fat-soluble secosteroid, has long been recognized for its pivotal role in maintaining calcium and phosphate homeostasis, which are essential for bone mineralization and skeletal integrity [1,2].”