Validity of 10 electronic pedometers for measuring steps, distance, and energy cost.

By S. Crouter, P. Schneider, M. Karabulut, David Bassett. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 2003

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Using pedometers to increase physical activity and improve health: a systematic review. (2007, methodology): “Sixteen studies used the Yamax pedometer (Yamax Corp, Tokyo, Japan)—a model that has been well validated for accuracy and reliability and is frequently used in physical activity research.(41-44) The physical activity interventions evaluated in the included studies varied considerably: mean (SD) dura”
Using mobile phones to determine transportation modes (2010, methodology): “It consists of a sensor, such as a mechanical arm, magnetic switch, or an accelerometer, and software that counts steps based on monitoring upward and downward motions [Crouter et al. 2003; Schneider et al. 2004].”
Assessment of physical activity in youth. (2008, background): “Similar issues occur with the estimation of distance from pedometers (27), because distance is the product of stride length and frequency (101).”
Systematic review of the validity and reliability of consumer-wearable activity trackers (2015, result): “This may be particularly problematic at slow walking speeds, similar to findings when testing pedometers [51].”