Forage fermentation patterns and their implications for herbivore ingesta retention times

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The Morphophysiological Adaptations of Browsing and Grazing Mammals (2008, background): “Forage that ferments faster and is retained shorter should also be ingested in shorter time intervals, and a higher feeding bout frequency has been suggested in browsing ruminants (Hofmann 1989; Hummel et al. 2006).”
Nutritional ecology of marine herbivorous fishes: ten years on (2009, background): “Gastric pepsin activity and low pH are known to degrade hemicelluloses bound in the cell walls of terrestrial plants, thus making substrates more easily fermentable when entering the hindgut (Parra 1978; Hummel et al .”
Comparative Chewing Efficiency in Mammalian Herbivores (2009, background): “Like many processes in digestive physiology, such as the fermentation of plant material (Hummel et al. 2006), particle size reduction during mastication follows a probability distribution of decreasing returns-the first chew on a new digesta bolus will result in a high degree of particle size…”