Out of the shadows: a classification of economies by the size and character of their informal sector

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Measuring the shadow economy using company managers (2015, unknown): “Indeed, other papers point out that survey-based methods tend to produce lower estimates than indirect methods (e.g., Feld and Schneider, 2010; Williams, 2013; Buehn and Schneider, 2013).”
Determinants of the Level of Informality of Informal Micro-Enterprises: Some Evidence from the City of Lahore, Pakistan (2016, background): “Informal enterprise is also found to be concentrated among lowerincome populations (Ahmad, 2008), although this has been argued to differ across populations, not least depending upon the level of social protection available (Williams, 2014).”