Synthesis and physical properties of TEOS-based silica aerogels prepared by two step (acid–base) sol–gel process

By A. Rao, S. Bhagat. 2004

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Aerogel insulation for building applications: A state-of-the-art review (2011, background): “mostly acid or base catalysis, or a two‐step [79] catalysis.”
Silica aerogel; synthesis, properties and characterization (2008, background): “…condensation lead to weakly branched and microporous structures, whereas basic conditions or two step acid–base processes increase cross-linking, leading to decreased microporosity and a broader distribution of larger pores in silica gels (Rao et al., 2004a; Rao et al., 1999; Rao and Bhagat, 2004).”
An overview on silica aerogels synthesis and different mechanical reinforcing strategies (2014, background): “They have found that the two-stage process, due to step wise acid catalyzed hydrolysis and then base catalyzed condensation, leads to the built up of a systematic, complete and continuous network of silica, and thus, leads to highly flexible aerogels that can be compressed to as high as ~60% by volu”