Hydrogen isotope evidence for loss of water from Mars through time

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Hydrogen isotope ratios in lunar rocks indicate delivery of cometary water to the Moon (2011, background): “Measurements of water content and δ D using secondary-ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) in the hydrous mineral apatite (Ca 5 (PO 4 ) 3 (F,Cl,OH)) have been very useful in distinguishing between crustal and magmatic sources of water in martian basaltic meteorite”
Heterogeneous distribution of H2O in the Martian interior: Implications for the abundance of H2O in depleted and enriched mantle sources (2016, background): “…we did not directly determine the H2O abundances of apatite in this study, previous studies have directly determined H2O abundances in Martian apatite by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) (Boctor et al. 2003; Greenwood et al. 2008; Leshin 2000; McCubbin et al. 2012; Watson et al. 1994).”
The Climate of Early Mars (2016, background): “The deuterium to hydrogen (D/H) ratio can be used to constrain the early Martian water inventory (Greenwood et al. 2008; Webster et al. 2013; Villanueva et al. 2015), although our lack of knowledge of the dominant escape process in the Noachian/Hesperian and of the cometary contribution to Mars’…”