Melting the iceberg: contrast invariance in visual cortex.

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Parvalbumin-Expressing Interneurons Linearly Transform Cortical Responses to Visual Stimuli (2012, background): “In other words, thanks in part to fluctuations in membrane potential (Carandini, 2007; Finn et al., 2007) the iceberg is almost completely out of the water: further depolarization will increase the firing rate at all orientations but will not result in a broadening of the tuning curve.”
Inhibition, spike threshold, and stimulus selectivity in primary visual cortex. (2008, unknown): “Even for gain control, however, threshold—in combination with contrast-dependent changes in trial-to-trial variability—can fulfill some of the function normally assigned to inhibition (Azouz and Gray, 2003; Carandini, 2007).”
Synaptic and network mechanisms of sparse and reliable visual cortical activity during nonclassical receptive field stimulation. (2010, background): “One component of enhanced inhibition that may contribute to increased sparseness in RSC neurons is an ‘‘iceberg’’ effect (see Carandini, 2007 and references therein), in which responses to weak synaptic inputs become subthreshold, while the strong inputs (which may be less numerous than the weak…”